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WONGHUNGCONSTRUCTIONCOLTD訴H.H.ROBERTSON(NEA)LTD

时间:2007-10-31  当事人: 卻某   法官:周兆熊法官   文号:DCCJ3562/2004

DCCJ3562/2004

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事司法管轄權

案件編號2004年第3562號

----------------------------

原告人WongHungConstructionCompanyLimited

被告人H.H.Robertson(NEA)Limited

----------------------------

主審法官:周兆熊法官

聆訊日期:2007年6月11日至13日及8月7日

頒下判案書日期:2007年10月31日

判案書

1.建築處(ArchitecturalServicesDepartment)(“ASD”)是PoliceRoadsideMirrorCheckPoint位於ManKamToBorderControlPoint改善工程的僱主。該工程的主承建商是FreeFormConstructionCompanyLimited,而WongHungConstructionCompany是工程的次承判商,原告人則是WongHungConstructionCompany的承判商。被告人是該工程的物料供應商。有關的物料是“KingspanKS1000Optimo”sandwichpanels。

2.在修訂的申索陳述書,原告人指稱於2004年1月17日、2月6日和3月12日達成三個協議。原告人指被告人違反該三個協議,要求它為此賠償損失;被告人否認原告人的指控,它提出反申索,要求原告人向它賠償未支付的合約餘款$30,100。原告人在書面的結案陳辭表示它不會追討涉及第一個協議的申索。

3.2004年4月7日,原告人的律師致函被告人,指責後者違反合約,這是第二和第三個合約的申索根據,該函有以下的內容:-

‘1.Weareinstructedthatataround29thDecember2003,ourclientcontactedyouforsupplyofWallPenalsystem,yourMr.GeorgeYimofferedourclienta“MEGATECWALL”aconcealed-fixpolyurethaneinsulatedwallpanelsystemforourclient’sbuildingprojectatManKamToControlPoint.TheSamplethatMr.GeorgeYimprovidedwassenttotheArchitect,whoapprovedthequality.On20thJanuary2004,ourclientfaxedandsentyoudrawings(withdimension)fortheOrder.OurclientpaidHK$12,900.00in6thFebruary2004asdeposit,whichis30%ofthetotalvalue(HK$43,000.00)ofthegoodsordered.AtalltimesMr.GeorgeYimwasawarethatourclientneededthesuppliesurgently.

2.Aftertheseriesofpursuits,eventsandmodifications,theWallPenalwasfinallydeliveredon1stApril2004.

3.On2ndApril2004,ourclientinformsyourMr.GeorgeYimthattheWallPenalthatyoudeliveredon1stApril2004wereofdifferentmaterialfromthesamplethatyouhavesubmitted,andrequestedforaguaranteecertificateofthematerialtobesubmittedtomyclientbeforethe7thApril2004.

Upuntiltodayourclienthavereceivednosuchguaranteecertificate,andintheabsenceofwhichourclient,apprehensiveofwrongfulmaterialhavingbeendelivered,haveorderedthattheHK$30,100.00issued,butpostdatedtothe7thApril2004,becountermanded.

WeareinstructedtoinformyouthatourclientrejectsallthePenalWallsthatyouhavedeliveredonthe1stApril2004forbreachofimpliedtermsofsalebysampleanddemandsthewallstobereplacedbythepolyurethaneinsulatedwallpanelsystemtheourclienthaveordered,tobedeliveredwithinthenext2days,atthesamecontractedprice.’

4.原告人的證人是WongChauHung(“Wong”),而被告人的證人是LamTseLun(“Lam”)和YimChungChee(“Yim”)。他們分別是被告人的architecturaldesigner和regionalsalesmanager。

第三個協議

5.2003年12月29日,原告人向被告人傳真,要求Yim提供一份“QuotationforEquivalentofKingspanK1000Optimosandwichpanel”。根據Wong的證供,‘TheProjectincludesthesupplyandinstallationof“KingspanKS1000Optimo”sandwichpanels(“theContractMaterial”)oritsapprovedequivalentasthebuildingenclosure(i.e.wallcladdings)ofnewmirrorcheckpointoffice.ThecorematerialoftheContractMaterialwasalayerofrigid,PolyurethaneFoam(“PU”)。’於同日,被告人建議使用MegatecWallwithcorematerialofrigidpolyurethaneFoam(PU),以代替KingspanKS1000Optimosandwichpanels。

6.2004年1月26日,Yim傳送一份傳真給Wong,傳真的內容是:“HavingcheckedwithourfactoryinChina,wewouldliketoconfirmthepanelwillbefabricatedasperthesamplesshownthatissilvercolourandembossedfinishPUF2finish,overallthickness50mm,modulewidth900mm”。在接收了這份傳真後,Wong致電給Yim,在商討後,Wong同意購買所需的wallpanels。

7.在證人陳述書的第5段,Wong說:-

‘InoraboutDecember2003,IapproachedtheDefendantforthepurposeofobtainingthesupplyoftheContractMaterial.IprovidedtheDefendantwithPagePS/1/2ofASDParticularSpecification–Part1,thedrawingforwallpaneldetailandtherequiredquantityoftheContractMaterialtoenabletheDefendanttoworkoutaquotationforthePlaintiff’sconsideration.Mr.GeorgeYimoftheDefendant(“Yim”)informedmethattheydidnothavetheContractMaterialandrecommendedmetousetheirItalian-originMegaticWall.YimrepresentedtomethatsimilartotheContractMaterial,MegatecWallalsohadrigidPUasitscorematerial.ItoldYimthatanyalternativematerialsusedotherthantheContractMaterialmustbeapprovedbytheArchitect.’

被告人卻某,它沒有獲得一份“ParticularSpecification–Part1”的副本,該副本的第1.3段規定:“Allmaterialsandtheircolortobesubmittedtoarchitectforapprovalbeforeapplication.”Yim和Lam在作供時說,他們在2004年3月知悉PuttyWhitePanel不獲接納時,他們才知悉材料需要獲得建築師的批准。在被詰問時Wong承認他記不起他有沒有有把ParticularSpecification交給被告人。2004年6月30日,被告人去信予ConstructionArbitration&LitigationConsultantsLimited。在信中,被告人說,

“3)Accordingtoyouraboveletter(Ref.:RT04/16/HH040617.TXT)dated17June2004,yourclientdeclaredthatourmaterialsdeliveredon1stApril2004weretocomplywithASD’sspecifiedrequirement(s).However,wedidnotreceiveandhavenorecordofanysuchspecificationinformationimposedorpassedbyyourclienttoourofficeasreferenceorconditionsofpurchase.”

就上述的指稱,原告人沒有作出回應,本庭就此點接納被告人的證據。

8.約於2004年2月3日,原告人接獲被告人一張報價單。被告人要求31m2FormawallPUcompositepanels的價錢為$47,121。報價單聲明“Allmaterialstobefabricateduponconfirmationofdimensionsandsizes.”

9.2004年2月6日,經商議後,Lam與Wong達成panels體積的cutlist。Lam承諾會於2004年2月底之前把31m2FormawallPUcompositepanels交付給原告人,他跟着把$12,900的訂金交給林。但直至2004年2月底,被告人沒有交付貨物。

10.2004年3月2日,Lam提議採用1000mmpanelswithputtywhitecolour,並交付予Wong一個樣本,在傳真內被告人說:“Fortunately,ifyoucanconfirmtheordertoday,wecandeliverthepaneltoHongKongbeforeearlynextweek.”

11.其後Wong把樣本送往建築師,2004年3月3日建築師拒絕接納puttywhite的顏色,並要求被告人再次交付具有合適顏色的sandwichpanel以符合建築師的要求。

12.約於2004年3月10日,建築師接納有關的物料,但要求它的外層的顏色必須是銀色。

13.2004年3月12日,被告人傳送一份傳真給Wong,在傳真中被告人說,“Pleasekindlynotethatallpanelandflashingshouldbereadywithin19days,ifwecanreceiveyourwrittenconfirmationonorbefore13March2004.”2004年3月13日,原告人同意訂單的修訂。

14.2004年4月1日,被告人把貨物送往上水賽馬會路,交予原告人。就4月1日和2日的情況,在證人陳述書Wong有以下的描述:-

“26.On1stApril2004,itwasraining.TheDefendantdeliveredcertainwallpanels(“DeliveredMaterial”)tothePlaintiffatJockeyClubRoad,SheungShui.……SincetheDefendant’struckdidnothaveanyrestrictedareapermit,itcouldnotaccessthesubjectsite.……TheDeliveredMaterialwerethenloadedtothePlaintiff’struck.TheDefendant’struckdriveraskedpaymentfortheDeliveredMaterialbutItoldhimIneededtowaitfortheforemanoftheDefendanttoinspecttheDeliveredMaterial.ThedriversaidifIdidnotgivehimacheque,hewouldloadtheDeliveredMaterialbacktohistruckandleft.Hesaidhedidnothaveanytimetowaitforanybody.IhadnoalternativebuthandedtohimthePlaintiff’schequeno.034741forHK$30,100.00drawnintheBankofEastAsia.BecausetheDeliveredMaterialdidnotbeeninspected,Ipost-datedthechequeto7thApril2004.……

27.ImetLamatthesiteatabout4:30p.m.ItoldLamthatthecolourofthecoreoftheDeliveredMaterialappearedtobedifferentfromtheprevioussample.However,LamassuredmethattheywerethesameasthesampletheyprovidedandtheoneapprovedbytheArchitect.TheslightdifferenceincolourwouldnotaffecttheapprovalfromArchitect.HealsosaidIcouldlookforhimiftherewasanyproblem.……

28.Inthemorningof2ndApril2004,thePlaintiff’sworkersremovedthewrappingsoftheDeliveredMaterial.InotedthatthecorematerialoftheDeliveredMaterialwasEPSinsteadofPU.Ialsonotedthattherewasrustingattheedgeofthepanelsandthejunctionkeywasdifferentfromtheprevioussubmissions.IwrotetotheDefendantimmediatelyaskingforitswrittenguaranteeonorbefore7thApril2004thattheDeliveredMaterialwereequivalenttotheContractMaterial,MegatecWallandtheFormawallsampletheysubmittedandthatitwouldbeapprovedbytheArchitect.

29.IphonedtheDefendantaftertheletterandspoketoYim.IcomplainedtoYimaboutthedelay.IalsotoldhimthatthecolourandthecorematerialoftheDeliveredMaterialwasdifferentfromtheContractMaterial,MegatecWallandFormawallsample.YimrepresentedtomethatthecorematerialwascompatibletotheapprovedsampleandtheArchitectwouldapproveit.Toavoiddelay,hetoldmetocutthepanelsandproceedwithinstallation.HesaidIcouldlookforhimandtheDefendantiftherewasanyproblem.……

30.……

31.ToavoidfurtherdelaytotheProject,thePlaintiffcutandcommencedtheinstallationworkon2ndApril2004.ThePlaintiffalsoinstructeditsworkersworkedovertimetocatchupthedelay.

32.……

33.TheDefendantfailedtoprovidetherequiredwrittenguaranteeby7thApril2004.ThePlaintiffcountermandedthechequeno.034741.”

23.在陳辭書的第48至第50段,原告人有以下的陳辭:-

‘48.ThePlaintiffhadmadeitverycleartotheDefendantfromthebeginningthatitisrequiredtoinstallKingspanPaneloritsequivalent.Theword“equivalent”meansnotonlyequivalentintermsofqualityandperformancebutalsoapprovedbytheArchitect.

49.TheDefendantisalsoawarethatthePlaintiffmustsubmitasampletogetherwiththerelevantinformationinrelationtotheproposedmaterialtotheMainContractor,whowillthensubmitthesametotheArchitectforapproval[128-137].Accordingly,apartfromprovidingthequotationsandtherelevantinformation,theDefendanthadalsoprovidedthePlaintiffwithsamplesoftheMegatecWall(whichtheDefendantdenies),FormawallandPuttyWhitePanelrespectively.

50.ItissubmittedthatsincetheArchitectwilldecidewhetherornottoapproveaproposedmaterialbasedonthesampleprovided,itisplainthatthepurposeofexhibitingthesampleisnotmerelytoindicatethenatureofthepanels.Onthecontrary,itisoneforgoodsinagreementwiththesample………’

24.本庭難以了解“equivalent”為何會包含“alsoapprovedbytheArchitect”的意義。“equivalent”意指實物,“approvedbytheArchitect”是一種程序,是抽象的事,前者怎會包含後者本庭不接納這論點。

15.在陳辭書的第53至55段,原告人指出,第三個協議是憑樣本售貨的協議。就涉及第三個協議的申索是按貨品售賣條例第17(2)(a)條提出的。第17條規定:

“17.憑樣本售貨

(1)凡售賣合約中有一項明訂或隱含的條款,意思是該合約是憑樣本售貨的,該合約即憑樣本售貨的合約。

(2)憑樣本售貨的合約,有以下各項隱含條件——

(a)整批貨品須在品質上與樣本相符;

(b)買方須有合理機會,將整批貨品與樣本作比較;

(c)貨品並無任何令其不可商售且不會在對樣本進行合理檢驗時顯現的缺點。”

25.被告人則指出,原告人所要的貨物是“Kingspanpaneloritsequivalent”;它說,“theparties’intentionwasclearlythatarangeofpanelswoulddosolongastheycouldfulfillthesamefunction”。這是正確的論點,亦反映出事實的真相。

26.被告人在陳辭書的第36段又指出“……whentheDefendantfirstproposedtheMegatecWallpanels,nosamplewasrequiredbutmerelyacataloguewasprovidedtothePlaintiff.Iftheparties’intentionwasallalongthatasalebysamplewasintended……itfailstoexplainwhynoMegatecWallsamplewasrequiredbythePlaintifftogetherwiththecatalogue.”這是事實,亦是正確的論點。

27.在陳辭書的第37段,被告人說:-

“37.Subsequently,aftertheDefendantprovidedthePuttyWhitePanelsampleanditwasrejectedbytheArchitectbecauseofitsexternalcolourwasnotsilver,theDefendantaskedwhetherare-submissionofsamplewasrequired.ThePlaintiffansweredthatitwasnotnecessaryaslongasthefuturedeliveredgoods’externalcolourissilveroritsclosematch.[80]TheDefendantsubmitsthatitisratherinconceivablethatifasalebysamplewasreallyintended,thePlaintiffwouldnothaverequiredtheDefendanttore-submitapropersample.ItshouldalsobenotedthattheoriginalPuttyWhitesamplewas1000mminwidth.[105]However,itwassubsequentlyagreedthatthewidthsofthedeliveredpanelswouldbeeither145,229or900mm.[272-277]Thereforeparties’intentionwasthatneitherthecolournorthedimensionsofthedeliveredpanelsneededtothesameasthePuttyWhitesample……”

這是正確的論點,亦反映出事實的真相。

28.在陳辭書的第53段原告人說:-

“53.TheDefendantcaseisthatitisnotasalebysamplebecausethePlaintiffisnotrequiredtore-submitasampleofthePuttyWhitePanelforapprovalafterithasbeenrejectedbytheArchitect.However,thisCourtwillrecallthatWong’soralevidenceisthatbythattimetheArchitecthadalreadyapprovedthecorematerialofthesamplewhichwasPU.ItwasonsuchbasisthattheArchitectagreedtoacceptthePuttyWhitePanelonconditionthattheexternalcolourwassilver.”

原告人沒有反駁有關上述有關“deliveredpanels”體積的論點;即使第53段有關顏色的事是事實,“panel”外表的“silver”顏色在程度上亦會有深淺程度之分,如果這是憑樣本售貨的合約,為甚麼原告人不要求被告人交付樣本以作出批核。這顯示出這不是憑樣本售貨的合約。

29.被告人在陳辭書的第38段說,“RegardingthecorematerialwhichthePlaintiffhasplacedconsiderableemphasison,itshouldberecalledthatinWong’soralevidence,headmittedthathedidnotmentionthatthecorematerialofthepanelsneededtobePU.……theparties’concernallalongwasregardingthesurfacefinishofthepanels.……Thereforetheparties’intentionregardingthecorematerialofthefuturedeliveredpanelsmusthavebeenthatitshouldbeabletocarryoutthesamefunctionasthatofthePuttyWhitesamplebutnomore.”

30.在陳辭書的第39段被告人作出了以下的結論:-

“39.Itisthereforesubmittedthatinsummary,theparties’contemplatedthatthecolourofthedeliveredpanelsdidnothavetothesameasthePuttyWhitesample;andthedimensionsdidnothavetobethesame.Further,itwasnotintheparties’contemplationthatthedeliveredmaterialhadtothesameasthePuttyWhitesampleintermsofthecorematerialeitheraslongastheyperformedthesamefunction.Indeed,ifsuchacasewereasalebysample,everycasewherethereisasampleexhibitedwouldeasilybeasalebysample,whichisofcoursenotsupportedbyauthorities.”

本席裁定,這是正確的論據。

31.本庭裁定與訟雙方的售賣合同並不是以憑樣本售貨的合同。這是原告人申索的根據,因此申索的基礎不能成立。

32.即使這是憑樣本售貨的合同,被告人的行為並不引致原告人的損失。2004年4月1日,Wong檢視交付的鑲板(panel),他察覺鑲板的核心物料不是PU,但是他接受了鑲板的交付,並在第二天把鑲板裝設。在它的陳辭書的第68段,原告人說:-

“68.ThisCourtwillrecallthattheDeliveredMaterialwasacceptedonthebasisthatLamandYimhadassuredWongthatthereshouldbenoproblemwiththeperformanceofpanels.WongalsogaveevidencethatYimfurtherauthorizedhimtoinstalltheDeliveredMaterial.HeexplainedthathehadnochoicebuttostartcuttingtheDeliveredMaterialbecause(i)theProjectwasseriouslydelayedand(ii)hecouldnolongercontactYimorLamafter2ndApril2004.Therefore,thePlaintiffsubmitsthatthereisnomutualagreementbetweentheparties.”

33.在證人陳述書的第31段,Wong陳述了他裝設鑲板的理由,但他沒有提及第(ii)個理由。第(ii)個理由不能成立,因為他可以以貨物不符合合同的規定把鑲板退回給被告人,但他沒有這樣做。他必定知道當他把鑲板切割後,他便不能將它們恢復原狀,Wong指稱“YimfurtherauthorizedhimtoinstalltheDeliveredMaterial.”本庭認為本案根本不存在授權(authorized)的事,當Wong接受交付的貨物後,原告人便是貨品的物權擁有人,它可按自己的意願處置貨物(包括把它們裝設),而不需被告人對它授權。原告人承認它最遲已在2004年4月2日已接受了貨物。在它的陳辭書中,它已承認它已接受了貨物,在陳辭書的第68段原告人說,

“ThisCourtwillrecallthattheDeliveredMaterialwasacceptedonthebasisthatLamandYimhadassuredWongthatthereshouldbenoproblemwiththeperformancepanels.”

(底綫後加)

34.如果被告人付運的貨物不符合合約的規定,原告人有權退貨,但他沒有這樣做,它反而接受了貨物,因此它不能以貨物不符合合約的規定向被告人作出申索。

35.2004年4月28日,黃致函被告人,函中說:-

“AfterdiscussionandexplanationtotheArchitectbyyourMr.So,theArchitectexpressedtheymayacceptthematerialprovidedyoucanbeprovethatthematerialsareequivalentorbetterthaninbothqualityandperformance.”

36.2004年4月30日,被告人給予以下的回覆:“Withoutanyhesitation,wecanprovideaguaranteeofthestandardproductperformanceforoursuppliedFormawallpanelsprovidingyourcompanycanhonouryourissuedcheque……dated7April2004forsettlingthe70%balancepaymentinfullofoursuppliedFormawallpanelproducts.”

37.原告人沒有支付兌現支票以付餘下70%的貨款,它在陳辭書中指出:“ItistheDefendant’scasethatitdidnotcausethelossofthePlaintiff.TherationaleisthathadthePlaintiffpaidforthebalanceofthepurchaseprice,theDefendantwouldhaveprovidedtheguaranteetotheArchitectwhomayapprovetheuseoftheDeliveredMaterial.However,itisthePlaintiff’ssubmissionsthatthelossanddamagessufferedbythePlaintiffisadirectconsequenceoftheDefendant’sbreach.TheDefendantwasinbreachofthe3rdagreementbyfailingtoprovidepanelsthatcorrespondwiththesampleapprovedbytheArchitect.UndersuchcircumstancesthePlaintiff’sobligationtopayforthebalanceofthepurchasepricewasdischarged.”原告人在2004年4月2日把鑲板裝置,這顯示原告人已接受了交付的貨品,它便必須支付貨品的貨款,因此原告人的論據不能成立。本席裁決,被告人沒有引致原告人損失的論據成立。

第二個協議

38.Wong指出,在2004年2月6日,Lam告訴他,31m2FormawallPUcompositepanels最遲將於2004年2月底交付予原告人,Wong接納該交貨日期,在他的證人陳述書第14段,Yim說:-

“Onorabout6February2004thePlaintiffpaidtotheDefendantadepositof$12,900.Atthisjuncture,thePlaintiffhasneversuppliedtotheDefendanttheShopDrawingsandtheEngineeringDetails.Onlyoverallarchitecturallayoutpartdrawingsweresupplied,andpreliminarypanelsizesandflashingdetailswerediscussedon6February2004.Therefore,overallmaterialorderingcannotbefinalized,settledoragreed.”

39.在它的信中(日期為2004年3月26日)被告人才詳列有關貨品的體積,在陳辭辭書的第26段,原告人說,“ThePlaintiffacceptsthatthedimensionswerefinalizedintheDefendant’sletterdated26thMarch2004.However,itisthePlaintiff’scasethatby6thFebruary2004,ithadalreadyprovidedwiththeDefendantallthedrawings,dimensions,flashingandfasteningdetailsthatwerenecessarytoconfirmstocksavailability.……WonggaveevidenceandYimagreedduringcross-examinationthattheamendmentstothedimensionssubsequentto6thFebruary2004werenotsubstantialanddidnotaffecttheoveralldimensionsandthesupplyofthematerial……”如果在2004年2月6日的日期是最後的交貨日期,那就不會有2004年3月26日的詳細體積的最終決定,這反映出在2004年2月6日的決定只是初步的決定,本庭因此不接納原告人的說法。

40.就有關第二個協議的其中一項損失是“prolongationcost”,由2004年3月份有關panels並沒有被交付,因此被告人在這個月份不會有“additionalsupervisioncosts”,它亦無提出證據證明在這方面的損失。

41.基於上述的理由,本庭撤銷原告人的申索,並裁決被告人的反申索成立。本庭頒令,原告人須於14天內支付原告人$30,100,以及其利息,利息由2004年4月7日起計,直至債項清償為止,利率則以終審法院首席法官藉命令所決定的單利率計算。

訟費

42.本席頒下臨時訟費命令:原告人須支付被告人本案的訟費(包括聘請大律師的費用)。如與訟雙方未能同意訟費的款額,訟費款額由訟費評定官評定。如在14天內,與訟任何一方不向本庭提出申請,是項訟費命令作實。

周兆熊

區域法院法官

原告人:由Ho&Wong律師事務所轉聘Ms.VirginiaH.K.Chiu大律師代表

被告人:由Cheung&Yip律師事務所轉聘Mr.CalvinCheuk大律師代表



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