【商业秘密案件】如何理解商业秘密案件中的保密措施？

 【译者注】本文系为民法律服务网吴锦熤律师翻译而成，仅供学习所用。原文作者系"Luo Yanjie"，原文网址为： //www.chinaiplawyer.com/define-confidential-measures-trade-secret-cases/。
    鉴于译者水平有限，译文难免出现错误，望读者批评指正。 
 
   《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》第10条和《中华人民共和国刑法》第219条将商业秘密定义为：商业秘密，是指不为公众所知悉，能为权利人带来经济利益、具有实用性并经权利人采取保密措施的技术信息和经营信息。根据这个定义，相关信息要认定为商业秘密，必须采取保密措施。然而实践中，何种措施才能被认定为合法有效的保密措施并没有明确的标准。今天我们准备就此问题跟读者分享一些观点： 
    一、司法解释中关于“保密措施”的释义
   《最高人民法院关于审理不正当竞争民事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》对“保密措施”解释为：人民法院应当根据所涉信息载体的特性、权利人保密的意愿、保密措施的可识别度、他人通过正当方式获得的难易程序等因素，认定权利人是否采取了保密措施：
   （一）限定涉密信息的知悉范围，只对必须知悉的相关人员告知其内容；
   （二）对于涉密信息载体采取加锁等防范措施；
   （三）在涉密信息的载体上标有保密标志；
   （四）对于涉密信息采用密码或者代码等；
   （五）签订保密协议；
   （六）对于涉密的机器、厂房、车间等场所限制来访者或者提出保密要求；
   （七）确保信息秘密的其他合理措施。
    二、对司法解释的分析
    作者对司法解释的分析如下：
    1、保密措施应与商业秘密的价值相匹配
    信息的保密措施是否达到法律规定的标准取决于信息的价值本身，并没有一个通用的标准。举例讲，客户名单只需一个保险箱即可被认定为采取了保密措施，但可能这并不适用保护极有价值的技术秘密。
    2、保密措施应是有效的保护措施
    权利人采取的保护措施不能流于形式，而应当在客观上能阻止信息被公开。举例讲，司法解释规定的“在涉密信息载体上标有保密标志”是一种保密措施，但是如果权利人设置了保密标志，却将信息文件完全置于公开的环境下，则仍然会导致这些信息丧失商业秘密的特性。
    3、保密措施应是针对阻止他人合法获取信息
    建立保密措施，主要是针对他人合法获取信息的情形，因此权利人并不需要担心花费太多成本。他人通过非法途径获取信息并不会使该信息丧失商业秘密的特性。
 
                                                        
     附原文如下：
How to Define Confidential Measures in Trade Secret Cases?
By Luo Yanjie
Article 10 of China <Law Against Unfair Competition> and Article 219 of <Criminal Law> defines “Trade Secret” as “Trade secret means technical information and operational information which is not known to the public, which is capable of bringing economic benefits to the owner of rights, which has practical applicability and which the owner of rights has taken measures to keep secret.” According to the definition, information must have “confidentiality measures” before it becomes trade secret. While in practice, what measures can be identified as legally effective “confidentiality measures ” has no clear standard. Today we would like to share the topic with readers.
I The definition of “confidentiality measures” in the judicial interpretation
<Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in Hearing Civil Cases Involving Unfair Competition> defines the “confidentiality measures” as follows:
The people’s court shall, in accordance with such factors as the characteristics of the information carriers, the confidentiality willingness of theobliges, the identifiable extent of the confidentiality measures, and the difficulty for other people to obtain the information in a proper manner, identify whether the obligees have taken confidentiality measures.
For any of the following events that is sufficient to prevent confidential information from disclosure under normal circumstance, the obligees shall be identified to have taken confidentiality measures:
1. Limit the range where the confidential information can be known. The content of the information shall be only open to relevant people who must know it;
2. Take such preventive measures as locking the carriers of the confidential information;
3. Label confidentiality indications on the carriers of the confidential information;
4. Use passwords or codes for the carriers of the confidential information;
5. Sign confidentiality agreements;
6. Limit visitors to or propose confidentiality requirements as for the machines, workshops, and others locations related to the confidential information.
7. Other reasonable measures to maintain confidential information
II. The Analysis of interpretation
The author Analysis the judicial interpretation as follows:
1, “Confidentiality measures” should adapt to the value of trade secret
Whether information’s confidentiality measures reaching legal standards should be decided by the value of information itself, but not a common standard. For example, the client list may only need a safe deposit box and can be identified as having “confidential measures”, but apparently not suitable for protecting a tremendous valuable technical secret.
2, confidentiality measures must be effective security measures in
Right people can not take the security measures formly, but should take measures can objectively avoid information to public. For example, judicial interpretation stipulates that “Label confidentiality indications on the carriers of the confidential information” is a kind of measures. But if the right person only set “sign” but makes the information file completely in open state. It still will make the information loss the qualification of “trade secrets”.
3, confidentiality measures should be directed at stopping others’ legitimate access.
The establishment of confidentiality measures is mainly directed against the ” legitimate ” access, so the right people also need not worry too much about will giving too much cost. Others obtaining information through illegal means will not make “information” loss “trade secrets” qualification.