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[Abstract] Protest proof should be an abstract concept and its manifestation is not single but various. As the holder of bills can，t obtain protest of proof directly , the files of certain organs are also playing the substituting function as the protest proof. Furthermore, the holder of bills can also be exempted from providing protest proof to exercise the right of recourse under certain legal conditions.
[Key words] the Law of Negotiable Instruments, the right of recourse, protest proof, protest of bills