标题:研究

　　On the Doctrine of Exhaustion of Copyright

　　论文作者 王龙天

　　论文导师 刘凌梅,论文学位 硕士,论文专业 学

　　论文单位 郑州大学,点击次数 82,论文页数 46页File Size2384k

　　2004-05-01论文网 //www.lw23.com/lunwen_271322377/ 非法经营,犯罪构成,口袋罪

　　illegal business crime;violate;Pocket Crime;laws & rules

　　非法经营罪是指违反国家规定，实施国家限制或者禁止经营的各种扰乱市场秩序，情节严重的倒卖行为。 理论界对本罪客体的论述归纳起来，主要有“单一客体说”和“双重客体说”两大类。“单一客体说”又可分为四种不同的观点：“市场经济秩序说”、“市场秩序说”、“市场管理秩序说”、“管理活动说”。 实际上非法经营罪侵犯的只是国家依法进行的有关专营、专卖或限制买卖的物品，进出口许可证、进出口原产地证明以及其他经营许可证或批准文件、未经国家有关主管部门批准非法经营证券、期货或者保险业务以及其他经营行为的管理活动。 本罪在客观方面表现为违反国家规定，非法经营，扰乱市场秩序，情节严重的行为。非法经营中的“非法”，主要是指违反法律、行政法规有关经营主体必须经过批准、获取经营许可证或批准文件才能经营的规定，即未经批准擅自经营。非法经营必须有违反法律、法规进行经营的行为且属于情节犯。 非法经营罪在主观方面必须出于故意，即明知自己在非法经营而仍决意为之。过失不能构成本罪。如果确实不知自己的行为违反了国家的有关法律、法规，即使客观上属于非法，也不能以本罪论处。 非法经营罪的主体为一般主体，自然人、单位均可成为非法经营罪的主体。 本罪的非法经营主要是相对于主体没有经营资格的经营，即对于某项经济活动行为人必须依法经过批准，获取经营许可证件或批准文件才能进行。如果没有经过批准，在获取经营许可证或批准文件前而擅自经营的，依法就可成立本罪的非法经营。至于具有经营资格或者本身不需要经过批准的经营活动，在具体进行时违反有关法律、法规的其他操作规定，则不属于本罪中的非法经营，构成犯罪的，也只能以其他犯罪论处，不能构成本罪。 本罪关于买卖进出口许可证、进出口原产地证明或者其他法律、行政法规规定的经营许可证或批准文件的非法经营行为，其对象应为真实、有效、合法的有关许可证件、批准文件或者证明文件。对于买卖伪造的、变造的、非法的、虚假的许可证件或批准文件，如何处理，应当结合其主观认识具体情况具体分析。 对于一些禁止、限制买卖物品的生产、经营行为，应该按照刑法的有关条款处罚。 非法经营罪是“口袋罪”、量刑规定也不科学。对非法经营罪应该予以分解。非法经营罪是依据情节轻重进行划分的，对于构成本罪的哪些属于情节严重，哪些属于情节特别严重，则实难区分与把握。衡量非法经营行为的社会危害性或者说法益的侵害性主要是根据非法经营的数额，同一经营数额表现了同样的社会危害性，而不会可能因为行为人的违法所得数额不同而表明行为的社会危害性之不同，这样我们就能在定罪或者量刑上坚持相同的标准，从而保证司法的统一‘性。

　　Illegal Business Crime refers to acts which violate the national regulations, performing serious fraudulent selling. It"s restricted and banned by law and interferes with market order.In theory, the object of crime is classified into 2 categories: unitary and dual theory. The former contains 4 different opinions:market economy order,market order,market business order and management activity.Actually,illegal business crime infringe the articles whichbelong to national monopoly or restricted buying & selling, import & export licence or permit documents. It also refers to illegal business involving securitie,futures or insurance and other business activities without authorization from the responsible department.Objectively,this crime expresses acts which violate nationalregulation.Illegal business interferes with market order."illegal" refers mainly to violating law,administration rules and taking an unauthorized business.It involves business act violating law &rules and belongs to plot offender.Subjectively, this crime results from intentional offense. Thatis to say, act deliberately with the clear illegal idea. Involuntary crime doesn"t constitute this crime if he doesn"t know his act violates the law & rules .In that case,even though it"s illegal,It cannot be conducted with Illegal Business Crime.This crime relatively refers to the subject of business withoutmanagement qualifications. Namely,as for certain business activity,conductor must get legal authorization & business licence. As to those with business qualification, or those act with no need to get permit. If they violate related laws & rules while performing the business,which doesn"t belong to Illegal Business Crime.If they constiture offence, they should be panalized with other crimes.Concerning buying & selling licence,certificate of origin & other illegal crimes, its target should be true & valid with legal permit papers or instrument of ratification. How to handle depends on the specific cases.The buying & selling act restricted & banned by law should be penalized according to related rules of criminal law.Illegal Business Crime is "Pocket Crime", measurement of penalty is not scientific as well. So, it should be resolved according to details serious or not. Nevertheless, it"s a tough job to distinguish and handle which belong to serious or particularly serious. Weighing up its social harmfulness depends mainly on the amount of illegal business. The same amount expresses the identical social harmfulness. Thus, we can maintain the same criterion in punishment fitting the crime, or measurement of penalty. Therevor, unity of justice may be guaranteed.