[36] 盛子龙:《比例原则作为规范违宪审查之标准》,台湾大学法律学研究所硕士论文,1989年,第60页。
[37] 这个确认“相同有效性”的一般原则是在“原油炼制品储存案”(Mineral?lbevorratung, BverfGE 30, 292ff)中被集中阐述的。“磨坊案”(Mühlenbeschluss, BverfGE 25, 1 (18ff))也表达了同样的观点。
[38] 事实上,没有一项行政决定的作出与审查不需要综合地考虑这些因素,差别只是在怎样的分析框架下进行而已。将之纳入“相同有效性”的考虑固然是一条途径,结合其他原则进行配套考虑也不乏其例。例如英美法系习惯从合理性原则(the standard of reasonableness)、平衡原则(a balancing test)上考虑,而德国等大陆法系国家则可以从狭义比例原则上入手。George A. Bermann, The Principle of Proportionality, 26 Am. J. Comp. L. Sup. 415 (1978)。
[39] 286 U.S. 374,388 (1932)。该案中,货车主们要求货车净载重的限制不应是7000磅,而应是10000磅。
[40] Gug M. Struve, The Less-Restrictive Alternative Principle and Economic Due Process, 80 Harv. L. Rev. 1476 (1967)。
[41] Robert M. Bastress, Jr., The Less Restrictive Alternative in Constitutional Adjudication: An Analysis, A Justification, and Some Criteria, 27 Vand. L. Rev. 978 (1974)。当然,也有学者提出,难以计算和穷尽政府管制的目的,并不能作为拒绝最小侵害原则适用的理由,仅仅只能表明它需要被谨慎地运用,参见Gug M. Struve, The Less-Restrictive Alternative Principle and Economic Due Process, 80 Harv. L. Rev. 1469 (1967)。
[42] Note, Less Drastic Means and the First Amendment, 78 Yale L. J. 467-469 (1969); George A. Bermann, The Principle of Proportionality, 26 Am. J. Comp. L. Sup. 415 (1978)。
[43] Renee Grewe, Antitrust Law and the Less Restrictive Alternatives Doctrine, 9 Sports Law. J. 227 (2002)。
[44] 陈淳文:《比例原则》,载台湾行政法学会主编:《行政法争议问题研究》,五南图书出版公司2000年版,第104页。
[45] Wellington, Common Law Rules and Constitutional Double Standards: Some Notes on Adjudication, 83 Yale L. J 221(1973)。
[46] Robert M. Bastress, Jr., The Less Restrictive Alternative in Constitutional Adjudication: An Analysis, A Justification, and Some Criteria, 27 Vand. L. Rev. 987 (1974)。
[47] Paul Craig, Unreasonableness and Proportionality in UK Law, edited by Evelyn Ellis, The Principle of Proportionality in the Laws of Europe, Oxford-Portland Oregon, 1999, pp.102.
[48] Robert Thomas, Legitimate Expectations and Proportionality in Administrative Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2000, pp.79.
[49] Chad Davidson, Government Must Demonstrate that There Is Not a Less Restrictive Alternative Before a Content-Based Restriction of Protected Speech Can Survive Strict Scrutiny, 70 Miss. L. J. 457 (2000)。
[50] 盛子龙:《比例原则作为规范违宪审查之标准》,台湾大学法律学研究所硕士论文,1989年,第71、88、89页。
[51] Chad Davidson, Government Must Demonstrate that There Is Not a Less Restrictive Alternative Before a Content-Based Restriction of Protected Speech Can Survive Strict Scrutiny, 70 Miss. L. J. 463 (2000), note 37; Renee Grewe, Antitrust Law and the Less Restrictive Alternatives Doctrine, 9 Sports Law. J. 228-229 (2002)。
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